How Do You Know When a Location Is in the Southern Hemisphere
When describing location, it is common to mention the city, land, or country as a location descriptor. It is also common to talk about landmarks that may be nearby. Another way to describe location is to utilize reference lines to describe coordinates, or absolute position, on the globe.
2 types of imaginary reference lines are used to locate positions or points and to make accurate globes and maps. These lines are called parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Two of these imaginary reference lines, the equator and the prime meridian, are called main reference lines because they are where nosotros start the numbering organisation.
Equator, Hemispheres, Centrality, and Directions
The earth rotates daily about its axis. The north and south poles are the two imaginary points where the axis would enter and exit from the earth if the axis were a pole or a line (see Fig. ane.nine). The equatoris the imaginary main reference line drawn around the world halfway betwixt the north and south poles. The half of the world to the northward of the equator is the northern hemisphere; the half to the south is the southern hemisphere (Fig. 1.9). (The prefix hemi- means "half"; thus, hemisphere ways "half-sphere.") The poles determine due north and southward directions. Movement toward the North Pole is northerly in direction. Motion toward the South Pole is southerly in direction.
Parallels of Breadth
Latitude is measured in degrees (°)—from 0˚ to ninety˚—north or south of the equator. Degrees of latitude are measured from an imaginary point at the heart of the globe. If the earth was cut in half, this imaginary betoken would exist intersected by a line drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole and by a line drawn from the equator on i side of the earth to the equator on the other (Fig. 1.10 A). A radius is a line drawn from the edge of a circle to its center. The angle between the radius lines drawn from the equator and from the north pole (or due south pole) forms a right angle, which is 90°.
The equator is at 0°, and both of the earth'south poles are at 90° from the equator. Latitude is determined past the angle betwixt a point on the earth's surface and the equator. To summate the bending, draw a line from the point to the center of the world and a line from the equator to the centre of the earth (Fig. ane.x A).
Parallels of latitude are imaginary reference lines that form complete circles around the earth parallel to the equator and parallel to each other. Every indicate on a parallel of breadth is the same distance from the equator, and thus the angle formed between the equator and the breadth line is constant. This is shown in Fig. 1.10 B for the latitude lines 30° and 60° n.
Parallels of latitude are circles of different sizes (run across Fig. 1.11). The largest parallel is at the equator, and the parallels subtract in size towards the poles. Except for positions located right on the equator (0°), parallels of latitude are described past the number of degrees that they are north (N) or southward (Southward) of the equator. The greater the distance from the equator, either n or southward, the college the latitude. Honolulu, Hawai'i, for example, is on the 21° Northward parallel. Sydney, Commonwealth of australia, is on the 34° Due south parallel.
Meridians of Longitude
Meridians of longitude are imaginary half-circles running from the North Pole to the South Pole. They are sometimes called lines of longitude. Unlike parallels of latitude that are different sizes, all lines of longitude are the same length. Since every elevation must cantankerous the equator, and since the equator is a circle, the equatorial circumvolve tin can exist divided into 360°. These divisions of the equatorial circle are used to label the meridians.
Past international understanding, the 0˚ meridian (likewise called the prime number meridian) is drawn through Greenwich, England. Meridians are numbered e and west from the prime number elevation (Fig. 1.12 A).
Longitude is the distance eastward or west of the prime superlative, and longitude is measured in degrees from 0˚ to 180˚ (Fig. 1.12 B). Places to the eastward of the prime number meridian have east longitude. Rome, Italian republic, for example, is located on the 12˚ E summit, whereas Washington DC, Us, is located on the 77˚ W meridian.
Eastward and west longitude meet at the 180˚ meridian, which runs through the Pacific bounding main basin (Fig. 1.xiii). Therefore, most of the United States (including Hawai'i) lies in the western hemisphere. Only a modest portion of Alaska (part of the Aleutian Islands) crosses the 180˚ tiptop into the eastern hemisphere. The consummate circle around the earth fabricated by the prime meridian (0˚) and the 180˚ meridian divide the world into eastern and western hemispheres (see Figs. 1.12 and 1.thirteen).
International Engagement Line
The international date line is an imaginary line running mostly along the 180˚ peak (see Fig. 1.14). The international date line determines where on earth the engagement changes. For case, at the same moment the time is 6:00 am on July 1st in People's republic of bangladesh, the time is vi:00 pm on June 30th in Mexico and midnight on June 30th in England (encounter Fig. i.fifteen A).
Places located immediately to the right and left of the date line are 24 hours apart. This ways that on the left side of the international date line in Tonga, when the time is noon on Monday, July 1st, on the correct side of the date line in Sāmoa, the time is apex on Sunday, June 30th (come across Fig. 1.15 B).
Travelers who cantankerous the dateline heading west lose a mean solar day, but travelers who cantankerous the dateline going e gain a day. When traveling due east across the dateline, it is actually possible to arrive at your destination earlier than when you left!
For practical purposes, the international date line has been adjusted to allow certain land areas to remain together in the same day and fourth dimension zones. For example, the extreme eastern tip of Russia, which juts into the Bering Strait, was kept in the easternmost time zone, whereas the U.S.-owned Aleutian Islands were kept as part of the westernmost fourth dimension zone (see Fig. 1.15 B).
In some other example, the country of Kiribati (pronounced KIRR-i-bas) drastically inverse the engagement line in 1995 so that the entire country could be on the same mean solar day at the same time. Earlier this, the western part of Kiribati, where the capital letter lies, would be 22 hours ahead of the eastern portion of the county. Now eastern Kiribati and Hawai'i, which are located close to the aforementioned longitude, are a whole twenty-four hours apart (see Fig. 1.16).
Location
Lines of breadth and longitude form an imaginary global grid system, shown in Fig. 1.17. Whatever point on the earth can exist located exactly by specifying its latitude and longitude. This arrangement is essential for ships at sea that cannot locate their positions using landmarks or coastal navigational aids such as buoys or channel markers. This system is just as useful for people on land when hiking, driving, or surveying an environment.
To locate a point on a globe exactly, degrees of latitude and longitude are further subdivided into minutes and seconds. In latitude and longitude measurements, minutes and seconds do non refer to time. Instead, they refer to parts of an angle. But, like with fourth dimension, in that location are lx minutes in a degree (just every bit there are 60 minutes in an hr). Similarly, in that location are sixty seconds in a minute of fourth dimension and 60 seconds in a infinitesimal of longitude or latitude.
one degree (1°) = 60 minutes (60')
one infinitesimal (i') = 60 seconds (60")
The latitude and longitude readings of a identify are called its spherical coordinates. For example, the coordinates of the location of the USS Arizona Memorial in Pearl Harbor (Fig. 1.eighteen) are "latitude 21 degrees, 21 minutes, and 54 seconds north; longitude 157 degrees, 57 minutes, and zero seconds west." This is written as "21° 21' 54" N, 157° 57' 0" W".
Activeness: Locating Points on a Globe
Brand a world marked with reference lines of latitude and longitude.
Activity: Mapping the World
Make three maps of a globe: an orthographic-projection map, a cylindrical-projection map, and an equal-area map.
Latitude and Longitude Use
If the latitude and longitude coordinates of a location are known, it tin be pinpointed on a map or earth. Knowing the spherical coordinates of a location is useful for people when hiking, diving, or surveying an surroundings. Sophisticated navigational aids use latitude and longitude to give directions when driving and flying. The spherical coordinate system is essential for ships at sea that cannot locate their positions using landmarks or coastal navigation aids like buoys or channel markers.
Nautical Miles and Knots
In addition to using breadth and longitude to specify location, marine and air navigators besides use the nautical mile as their unit of length or distance. A nautical mile is approximately one infinitesimal of latitude forth a line of longitude, a distance of ane.85 kilometers. Navigators depict the speed of ships and airplanes in knots. Meteorologists likewise describe wind speeds in knots. One knot is equal to one nautical mile per hour.
i nautical mile = ane.85 km
1 knot = 1 nautical mile/hour
Activeness: Pacific Scavenger Chase
Complete a location scavenger chase using a map of the Due south Pacific bounding main bowl.
Source: https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/physical/world-ocean/locating-points-globe
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